食べる
ภาษาญี่ปุ่น
แก้ไขEtymology
แก้ไขFrom earlier ภาษาญี่ปุ่นเก่า form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.[1][2]
Older bigrade tabu became modern monograde taberu due to a regular shift in lower bigrade verbs, whereby the older 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -u was replaced with the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) ending in -eru.
Most likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).
Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”
คำกริยา
แก้ไข食べる (taberu) สกรรม อิจิดัง (ต้นเค้าศัพท์ 食べ (tabe), อดีตกาล 食べた (tabeta))
| Katsuyōkei ("รูปต้นเค้าศัพท์") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 食べれ | たべれ | tabere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 食べよ¹ 食べろ² |
たべよ¹ たべろ² |
tabeyo¹ tabero² | |
| การสร้างคำหลัก ๆ | ||||
| Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | taberareru | |
| Causative | 食べさせる 食べさす |
たべさせる たべさす |
tabesaseru tabesasu | |
| Potential | 食べられる 食べれる³ |
たべられる たべれる³ |
taberareru tabereru³ | |
| Volitional | 食べよう | たべよう | tabeyō | |
| Negative | 食べない 食べぬ 食べん |
たべない たべぬ たべん |
tabenai tabenu taben | |
| Negative continuative | 食べず | たべず | tabezu | |
| Formal | 食べます | たべます | tabemasu | |
| Perfective | 食べた | たべた | tabeta | |
| Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | tabete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | tabereba | |
| ¹ คำสั่งรูปเขียน ² คำสั่งรูปพูด ³ ภาษาปาก | ||||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 食べ | たべ | tabe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 食べ | たべ | tabe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 食ぶ | たぶ | tabu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 食ぶる | たぶる | taburu |
| Realis (已然形) | 食ぶれ | たぶれ | tabure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 食べよ | たべよ | tabeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 食べず | たべず | tabezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 食ぶれど | たぶれど | taburedo |
| Causal conjunction | 食ぶれば | たぶれば | tabureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 食べば | たべば | tabeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 食べき | たべき | tabeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 食べけり | たべけり | tabekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 食べつ | たべつ | tabetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 食べぬ | たべぬ | tabenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 食べたり | たべたり | tabetari |
| Volitional | 食べむ | たべむ | tabemu |